Is it coercive control? / HAR / HAR-4

HAR-4

Unwanted physical presence and location-based intrusion

Definition

Appearing uninvited or remaining at the target's home, workplace, children's school, or other known locations in a manner that communicates surveillance, entitlement, or menace, functioning to reassert physical proximity, induce fear, and disrupt the target's sense of safety in ordinary spaces.

How it operates

Showing up at the workplace or residence without legitimate purpose, invitation, or knowingly unwanted. Waiting near entrances or vehicles. Repeated drive-bys or loitering that the target experiences as monitoring. Engineered "coincidental" encounters at locations the target did not disclose.

Function

Reassert physical proximity, induce fear, and disrupt the target's sense of safety in ordinary spaces.

Harm

The invasion of physical and psychological territory.

Why this is coercive control

Court-ordered or mutually agreed exchanges of children at designated locations when conducted within the terms of the order; genuine, one-time accidental encounters acknowledged as such and not repeated. The conduct here reasserts physical proximity, induces fear, and disrupts the target's sense of safety in ordinary spaces.

Constructed example

The abuser appears outside the target's workplace at closing time and later texts, "Nice to see you leaving. You should smile more.

Fictitious. Written to illustrate the behavior. Not a case.

Stark 2007; Toews & Bermea 2017; Woodlock 2017.

Literature this family is drawn from

  • Harris, B., & Woodlock, D. (2019). Digital coercive control: Insights from two landmark domestic violence studies. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 530-550.
  • Forensic linguistic evidence of psychological abuse and discursive manipulation in cyberstalking cases. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict (2026).

Literature map

Forums that enumerate this family

A statute that names a tactic is not a finding that the tactic is present.

Identifying a behavior described here does not establish a pattern of behavior and does not establish coercive control. A tactic is not a regime. The instrument consolidates peer-reviewed literature so a reader can check when in doubt. The instrument is not a coding manual. Carlton Research does not provide the instrument as a weapon.

© 2026 Carisa Carlton.

How to cite

Carlton, C. (2026). Is it coercive control?: HAR-4. Carlton Research Instruments. /codebook/har-4. Last reviewed August 31, 2026.