Coercive Control Field Check / SUR / SUR-3

SUR-3

Stalking Behaviors and Engineered Presence

Definition

References to following, appearing uninvited, watching the residence or workplace, or knowledge that could only come from physical or technological surveillance.

How it operates

Statements showing knowledge of the target's location or activities that the target did not disclose, appearances at places the target did not announce, and use of physical trackers, vehicle location data, or smart-device alerts to establish presence.

Function

Demonstrate that the abuser remains aware of the target's movements and can materialize without warning.

Harm

The collapse of safe space; the target experiences no reliable boundary between public and private life and must constantly calculate the risk of being observed or found.

Why this is coercive control

Coincidental encounters that context clearly frames as accidental. The conduct here demonstrates that the abuser remains aware of the target's movements and can materialize without warning.

Constructed example

“Nice blue jacket today. You should smile more when you walk to your car.”

Fictitious. Written to illustrate the behavior. Not a case.

Hocking et al. 2025; Harris & Woodlock 2019; Turk 2025; Woodlock 2017.

Also in SUR

Literature this family is drawn from

  • Harris, B., & Woodlock, D. (2019). Digital coercive control: Insights from two landmark domestic violence studies. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 530-550.
  • Forensic linguistic evidence of psychological abuse and discursive manipulation in cyberstalking cases. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict (2026).
  • Cal. Fam. Code § 6320(c), as amended by 2020 Cal. Stat. ch. 248 (SB 1141).
  • Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-1(b) (Jennifer’s Law, 2021).

Literature map

Forums that enumerate this family

A statute that lists a tactic is not a finding that the tactic is present.

© 2026 Carisa Carlton.

How to cite

Carlton, C. (2026). Coercive Control Field Check: SUR-3. Coercive Control Observatory. Last reviewed August 31, 2026.