Is it coercive control? / VPO / VPO-2
VPO-2
Marginal or technical compliance that violates the spirit of the order
Definition
Conduct that stays within the boundaries of the literal wording of a protective or restraining order while defying the spirit of its protective purpose. Common forms include transforming child-centered communication limitations into a regime of masked harassment, staging "coincidental" appearances, orchestrating or trying to orchestrate joint child-related meetings that the order restricts, framed as "for the children. "
How it operates
Permitted contact expanded into masked forms of control. Staged coincidental appearances at locations the target frequents. Pressure for joint attendance at child-related activities.
Function
Keep the target engaged and regulated while claiming legal innocence, to test and stretch institutional boundaries, and demonstrate that the order provides no real shield.
Harm
The order itself becomes a site of continued domination. Third parties struggle to recognize the control, which increases isolation.
Why this is coercive control
Brief, neutral, strictly child-related communication that stays within the order's limits and contains no control or degradation content is not this conduct. The conduct here keeps the target engaged and regulated while claiming legal innocence, tests and stretches institutional boundaries, and demonstrates that the order provides no real shield.
Constructed example
“As always, I am concerned about our daughter's diet. She told me that you never feed her. Again, I only raise this issue because your neglect is a serious concern. Let me know if you want to discuss.”
Fictitious. Written to illustrate the behavior. Not a case.
Katz et al. 2020; Douglas 2018; Miller & Smolter 2011; Stark 2007.
Also in VPO
Literature this family is drawn from
- Douglas, H. (2018). Legal systems abuse and coercive control. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 18(1), 84-99.
- Miller, S. L., & Smolter, N. L. (2011). “Paper abuse”: When all else fails, batterers use procedural stalking. Violence Against Women, 17(5), 637-650.
Identifying a behavior described here does not establish a pattern of behavior and does not establish coercive control. A tactic is not a regime. The instrument consolidates peer-reviewed literature so a reader can check when in doubt. The instrument is not a coding manual. Carlton Research does not provide the instrument as a weapon.
© 2026 Carisa Carlton.
Carlton, C. (2026). Is it coercive control?: VPO-2. Carlton Research Instruments. /codebook/vpo-2. Last reviewed August 31, 2026.