Is it coercive control? / VPO / VPO-1

VPO-1

Outright violation of a protective or restraining order

Definition

Any contact, approach, communication, or conduct that directly breaches the explicit terms of a civil or criminal protective or restraining order.

How it operates

Contact of any kind (in person, electronic, third-party, or via children) when the order prohibits it. Presence at prohibited locations (home, workplace, school, or other protected places). Any communication that the order forbids.

Function

Demonstrate that the abuser remains unconstrained by institutional authority, to force continued presence in the target's life, and reassert dominance after formal separation.

Harm

The target learns that institutional authority does not constrain the abuser. Forced presence continues after formal separation.

Why this is coercive control

Contact that falls strictly inside the order's explicit permissions and contains no control content. Emergency contact required by genuine child safety issues and immediately reported. The conduct here demonstrates that the abuser remains unconstrained by institutional authority, forces continued presence in the target's life, and reasserts dominance after formal separation.

Constructed example

The order prohibits all contact. The abuser calls and/or sends repeated messages, appears at the target's home or workplace, or uses a third party to deliver communications.

Fictitious. Written to illustrate the behavior. Not a case.

Douglas 2018; Miller & Smolter 2011; Stark 2007.

Also in VPO

Literature this family is drawn from

  • Douglas, H. (2018). Legal systems abuse and coercive control. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 18(1), 84-99.
  • Miller, S. L., & Smolter, N. L. (2011). “Paper abuse”: When all else fails, batterers use procedural stalking. Violence Against Women, 17(5), 637-650.

Literature map

Identifying a behavior described here does not establish a pattern of behavior and does not establish coercive control. A tactic is not a regime. The instrument consolidates peer-reviewed literature so a reader can check when in doubt. The instrument is not a coding manual. Carlton Research does not provide the instrument as a weapon.

© 2026 Carisa Carlton.

How to cite

Carlton, C. (2026). Is it coercive control?: VPO-1. Carlton Research Instruments. /codebook/vpo-1. Last reviewed August 31, 2026.