Is it coercive control? / CRIM / CRIM-1
CRIM-1
Coerced participation in crime
Definition
Forcing, compelling, pressuring, or arranging for the target to commit a criminal offense, to take responsibility for the abuser's offense, or to remain in a position of criminal exposure that the abuser then uses as leverage.
How it operates
Forcing the target to take responsibility for the abuser's drugs, weapons, stolen goods, fraud, or other offenses so that the abuser's own risk of arrest is reduced. The target becomes the person police find with the contraband. Compelling theft, fraud, or other offending to fund the abuser's habits, lifestyle, or demands. Substance-use coercion as a pathway into criminal exposure. The abuser compels use, sabotages recovery, then uses that use, or the resulting record, as leverage with police, courts, child protection, and immigration authorities. Immigration-linked coerced crime, distinct from a bare threat to contact ICE. The abuser first creates or exploits an offense connected to status, then uses the evidence to threaten disclosure. Using the criminal justice system itself as an extension of coercive control: malicious allegations, coerced statements or passwords, and prosecution of the target while the primary abuser is not charged.
Function
Transfer legal risk onto the target and create a permanent instrument of control. The target cannot leave, report, or seek help without risking arrest, deportation, professional ruin, or loss of children.
Harm
A criminal record, immigration jeopardy, loss of employment or license, destroyed credibility in family court and with police and experts, and the continuous knowledge that the abuser can disclose the manufactured offense at any moment.
Why this is coercive control
Traditional duress law typically requires an imminent threat of death or serious injury. That standard fails to capture patterned compulsion in which compliance is the target's safest available option across weeks, months, or years. Ordinary conflict does not force a person into an offense and then leverage the evidence.
Constructed example
“You carried it, not me. One call and you are the one they arrest. You will never see the children again.”
Fictitious. Written to illustrate the behavior. Not a case.
Phillips et al. 2020; Warshaw et al. 2014; Bettinson 2022, 2024; Erez, Adelman & Gregory 2009; Galoob & Sheley 2022; Hope & Swaine Williams 2025; Centre for Women's Justice 2022; Prison Reform Trust 2017; Warshaw & Tinnon 2018.
Also in CRIM
Literature this family is drawn from
- Bettinson, V. (2022). A comparative analysis of the defence of duress in England and Wales and Scotland: Implications for victims of coercive control. Journal of Criminal Law.
Forums that enumerate this family
A statute that names a tactic is not a finding that the tactic is present.
Identifying a behavior described here does not establish a pattern of behavior and does not establish coercive control. A tactic is not a regime. The instrument consolidates peer-reviewed literature so a reader can check when in doubt. The instrument is not a coding manual. Carlton Research does not provide the instrument as a weapon.
© 2026 Carisa Carlton.
Carlton, C. (2026). Is it coercive control?: CRIM-1. Carlton Research Instruments. /codebook/crim-1. Last reviewed August 31, 2026.